Outline of Photography:
Categories of photography:
Press photography
Industrial photography
Fashion photography
Sports photography
Wedding photography
Travel photography
Architectural photography
Underwater photography
Table-top photography
Candid shots photography
Portraits
Etc.
Quality of Digital Photography:
Mega pixels determine the quality (clarity) of a digital image that’s taken with
a sensor in a digital camera. A pixel is the composition unit of a digital image.
The quality of a digital camera’s image is measured in millions of pixels (mega pixels, MP). The higher the number of mega pixels, the greater the resolution.
Thus, a 5MP camera can capture a shot with more pieces of information than a 2MP camera.
<2MP: Under-2MP cameras aren’t really capable of producing a clear enough image for a high-quality art photograph.
2–4MP: Cameras with this can produce up to 5" x 7" prints
4–6MP: up to 8" x 10" images.
>6MP: 8" x10" prints and above
Types of lenses:
Normal lens – 50mm - will show the exact dimension of the subject precisely. used for forensic science.
Tele-focus or zoom lens - >50mm - will compress the front and back area of the subject results in a detailed image.
Wide lens - <50mm - will exaggerate the whole thing by making the distance more in front and back area of the subject.
A macro lens/setting works on the same principle — to make something small appear larger. However, macro lenses also allow you to get your camera/lens really close to your subject. Also it lets you get right on top of your subject, capturing very fine detail and color.
To make a macro shot crystal clear, use a tripod when shooting to prevent blur.
USM Macro Lens-Ultrasonic motor lens
It is much important to get close for small subjects. Normal macro lens without this USM technology will not have inner focusing concept which will result in disturbing the subject by almost hitting it when the lens comes out for focusing. But with the USM lens it can be avoided because of the inner focusing.
Ultra compact: These micro cameras are Twiggy-thin.
Point-and-shoot: About the same size as a subcompact, some of these have some manual settings.
Subcompact: These easily fit in your shirt pocket; most have some manual settings.
Prosumer: These are similar in size to a dSLR; some have detachable lenses.
dSLR: These are the best models going, featuring all the manual settings of a film SLR.
Film speed:
It is mentioned as A.S.A (American standards association) or I.S.O (International standard organization)
Range of film speed:
50 ASA – grain free results
100 ASA - grain free results (most commonly used)
200 ASA – minimal grains
400 ASA, 800 ASA – sports and low light photography but with grains when enlarged
1600 ASA , 3200 ASA - used to take special photographs under very low lighting conditions
Depth of field:
It is the distance between the nearest and farthest point, which are acceptably sharp in the photograph.
Greater the depth of the field is achieved with smaller aperture opening. That is the “f” number in the aperture ring should be larger in number. (i.e. F-22)
For a low depth of the field, the larger the aperture opening should be, i.e., smaller in number. (f - 3.5)
Exposure control:
We have two controls – shutter speed, which controls the duration of the light allowed to act over the film, and next the aperture or diaphragm opening before the lens which acts as window to control the intensity of the light reaching the film. It is the combination of these two factors – time and intensity that makes up the exposure.
Over exposure:
When more amount of light falls on the film than the amount of light required then that film is considered as overexposed film.
Under exposure:
When the light is lower than the required amount, it will be an under exposed film.
Correct or normal exposure film:
These conditions can be acquired by using “light meters” or by making use of the “TTL meter” (Thru The lens meter), which is in-built in the camera. The aperture and the shutter speed can be varied according to the time and intensity, to get a correct exposure.
Bracketing:
This means making a series of different exposures to get one correctly exposed film. This technique works-out for some non-average subjects such as sunsets, snow scapes, dark-toned subjects, low ambient subjects etc.
First we have to take the reading of the light thru the TTL meter, for example when it shows 1/60 sec -shutter speed and aperture-f8, after shooting with the particular reading we have to change two f- stops more and two f stops less from the exposed reading.
Some higher end cameras have the parameter called auto-bracketing.
Filters:
It is a material which when placed in front of the lens, reacts with the light passing thru it and alters the nature of the light in terms of its intensity and hue. They are usually made of glass, plastic or gelatin coated plastic.
Types:
1. UV filter
2. Polarizing filter
3. Sun soft filter
4. Diffuser
5. Fog filter
6. Center spot filter
7. Graduated filter
8. Star filter
9. Pastel filters.
10. Sepia filter
11. Multi vision filters etc.
UV filters:
To cut the ultra violet rays that falls over the film.
Polarizing filter:
To cut reflections
To darken the sky cast
To eliminate undesired reflections from reflective surfaces such as water and window panes etc.
Sun soft filter:
To reduce the harshness of the day light.
Diffuser filter:
For even-spreading of light. This provides dramatic results.
Fog filter:
Produces illusion as if there is fog around subject.
Center-spot filter:
The picture will be clear up to a particular diameter from the center and beyond that it gets hazy.
Graduated filter:
The upper part of the filter is coated with the colors, particularly for landscapes.
Star filter:
The filter causes the bright sources in the composed frame to glitter and throw rays of light in all directions around the source.
Multi vision filters:
To get multiple images in one photograph.
Pastel filters:
This filter produces a monochromatic tinge.
Sepia filter:
To provide a look of an antiqueness.
Flashes:
Types:
1. Fill-in flash
2. Electronic flash
Fill-in flash
Used when there is lack of light (available light).
Mostly used for indoors.
Electronic flash:
Electronic flash = Day light
Used for,
Fashion shoot
Product shoot
Portraits
Industrial shoot
Interior shoot
The output varies according to our requirements.
Optical Versus Digital Zooms: Comparison
Some digital cameras have digital zooms, which in essence are zoom effects that have nothing to do with your lens but everything to do with the computer chip that calculates how your image will look. It’s a setting that permits you to go past what the optical zoom — the normal zoom that your lens performs and one that is more natural because there is no interpolation of missed points — would give you. You can get an extra magnification using this setting. You have to be careful with it, though, because when you use a digital zoom, you lose image quality.
Framing Rules and Composition
"RULE OF THE THIRDS”
This rule has been derived from renaissance concept about the balance of the parts in an image, in relationship to the whole.
To follow it, mentally divide all the four sides into threes a frame is divide into 9 equivalent parts and the main subject should be at any of the intersection points on the grid, then the composition will be more powerful and so there will be a perfect balance in the picture.
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